Zombie games became more prevalent after the release of the survival horror game Resident Evil in 1996
Resident Evil sold 2.75 million units within the United States alone
There are 85 video games about zombies
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Wade Davis, a Harvard ethnobotanist,claimed that a living person can be turned into a zombie by two special powders being introduced into the blood stream (usually via a wound). The first, coup de poudre (French: "powder strike"), includes tetrodotoxin (TTX), a powerful and frequently fatal neurotoxin found in the flesh of the pufferfish (order Tetraodontidae). The second powder consists of dissociative drugs such as datura.
Science of Zombies-Since development of the vaccine in 1911, the zombie threat has been greatly reduced.
-The nature of the spread of zombie plagues generally depended on the place of origin. Most urban plagues were spread by aggressive rats that had been bitten by an infected tick.
Stage One: Infection. Symptoms of zombie infection appear quickly: within one or two hours, the victim will develop a headache, fever, chills and other flu-like symptoms. Zombie infections last about half as long as their vampiric counterparts, mostly between three and six hours, during which the vaccine is 100 percent effective.
-Stage Two: Coma. Zombie comas are considerably more brief than vampiric comas. While physiological changes-slow pulse, shallow breathing-are similar, the coma lasts only between four and six hours. Only the very young and very old do not survive zombie comas. Zombies have been found as young as five years old and as old as 90. As with vampires, the vaccine is 50 percent effective when administered during Stage Two of the infection: the longer the victim has been in the coma, the less effective the vaccine.
Zombie plague spreaders:the Norway Rat and the tick (inset)
Stage Three: Transformation. Zombies awaken from their comas in a catatonic state. They are unresponsive to most stimuli as they shuffle about, trying to locate their prey. Unlike vampires, there is no acclimation period; a zombie will begin hunting immediately upon transformation.
A zombie-bite victim underquarantine in Panama, 1905
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Brain/Nervous System
This system has been of great interest to researchers, as zombie nervous tissue appears to have regenerative properties not found in humans.
- Brain: because so little of it is crucial to their
survival, zombies can survive an enormous loss of brain tissue. Former
FVZA zombie specialist
Dr. Waxman Himmelburger tells of encountering a zombie who had lost over 3/4 of his head from a shotgun blast, with no apparent effect.
- Spine/nervous system: zombies have exhibited the ability to withstand significant trauma
to their central nervous system. In a famous series of experiments
conducted by FVZA scientists in 1972, zombies who had their spinal cords
severed regained the ability to walk within 24 hours. Thus far,
researchers have been unable to unlock the mechanism for this process of
repair.
- Dopamine: the smell of living flesh triggers a large release of this adrenaline-like neurotransmitter into the zombie brain
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| Cross-sections of a normal brain (l) and a zombie brain (r) show the extensive atrophy of zombie brain tissue |
"Follow your nose" might be the zombie motto. A zombie's powerful sense of smell compensates for the weakness of their other senses.
- Sight: due to degradation of their corneas, zombies suffer from severe myopia. In addition, they are colorblind.
- Hearing: zombies go deaf within a few weeks of transformation. Efforts to rehabilitate them through ASL training have thus far proved unsuccessful.
- Smell: zombies have even more receptor cells than vampires. If the wind is right, zombies can smell humans from as far as several miles away.
As
anybody who ever emptied his gun into an advancing zombie can tell you,
zombies just don't bleed to death. Their circulatory adaptations allow
them to survive wounds that would kill a human.- Blood: zombie blood is thick and black, hence the nickname, "zombie oil."
- Heart: as with vampires, zombie blood is circulated by skeletal muscles rather than the heart.
Zombie core body temperature ranges between 65 and 75 degrees, making them slightly warmer than vampires. This is due to heat released by the various parasites living in zombie flesh, a phenomenon that causes zombies to emit steam in cool weather and phosporescence when in water.
Muscular/Skeletal System and Connective Tissue
Changes here are of good news-bad news variety. Yes, zombies are stiff-limbed and slow; yes they move along at a shuffle rather than a sprint. But they are also very powerful, with a
- Muscles/Connective Tissue: zombie muscle fibers become concentrated and take on the consistency of nylon rope. Ligaments and tendons thicken.
Normal jaw (l); Zombie jaw (r);
note the larger jawbone and
thicker muscle of the zombie jaw - Skeletal system: important modifications occur to the
zombie jaw. Extra bone is deposited on the lower jaw to form an
attachment point for larger chewing muscles. These adaptations enable
zombies to bite through skull and bone and get at the pillars of their
diet: brains and bone marrow,
- Teeth: zombie teeth are not adapted to the powerful
forces exerted on them by the jaw. Teeth crack and fall out, and the
holes they leave behind leak sludge-like zombie blood. Eventually, all
their teeth are gone, and a zombie is forced to chew with its exposed
jawbones.
- Hair: zombies who live long enough will lose all their hair.
- Skin: decay sets in shortly after transformation. The skin turns leathery, then rots away.
- Aging and Life Expectancy
The great irony of zombie life is that even as they voraciously feed, they too are being fed upon. A zombie's body is like a big petri dish serving host to everything from bacteria and fungi to maggots and ants. The resulting state of putrefication means, as terrifying as a zombie may be to the eye, it actually commits far worse offenses to the nose.
A long-held, common misconception is that zombies are immortal. In fact, the vast majority of zombies live less than one year. It is possible to determine a zombie's age based on their external appearance; specifically, their level of decomposition, also known as necrotic degradation.
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| Stages I through III of necrotic degradation |
- Stage I: the skin is mottled and covered with open sores.
- Stage II: the ears and nose are rotting away. Loss of fingers and toes.
- Stage III: large areas of exposed skull and bone, loss of limbs. Much of the teeth are gone, and one or both eyes fall out.
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